Organisational Sustainability

Introduction The past two decades have been characterised by an unprecedented rate of globalisation, technological developments, and competition, which have led to a remarkable revolution within and across organisations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the changes arising from the macro environment, businesses have to maximise their level of profitability. This assertion highlights the need for organisations to develop sustainability, which entails balancing environmental, social, and economic factors that might affect an organisation’s long-term performance. Devinney (2009) emphasises that sustainability has become one of the most important management agendas in organisations’ operations. However, one of the major challenges faced by organisations in their quest to achieve sustainability relates to climate change. The aspect of climate change is quickly becoming an integral part of business operations, especially in the wake of global warming. Governments are increasing pressure on organisations to control their greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). For example, Russia ratified the Kyoto treaty in 2004 (Hoffman 2005). In a bid to eliminate intervention from the government and other regulatory agencies, it is imperative for organisations to formulate effective climate change strategies. Orlitzky et al. (2003) suggest that the long-term performance of business is influenced by the strategies set on market and nonmarket environments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper evaluates two main aspects, viz. the role of HR in enhancing organisational sustainability in a large supermarket chain and an evaluation of climate change strategy in Toll Holdings. Sustainability and human resource management A str ong relationship exists between organisational sustainability and the stakeholder theory. In the course of their operation, businesses have a responsibility to satisfy the interest of various internal and external stakeholders such as employees, shareholders, customers, the public, and the regulatory agencies. In a bid to achieve organisational sustainability, it is imperative for businesses to ensure that the needs of external shareholders are met satisfactorily. Human resource management can aid an organisation in achieving organisational sustainability in a number of ways as evaluated herein. First, an organisation can utilise its HRM tools, skills, and knowledge to entrench organisational strategy through partnering, engaging, and aligning. Businesses influence the society in which they operate in either a positive or a negative manner. Porter and Kramer (2011) are of the opinion that an organisation has to create a set of effective share values between the society and the firm in order to enhance organisational performance. In the quest to enhance their long-term success, it is imperative for firms to collaborate with the society, which can be achieved by formulating a comprehensive Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Cohen (2010) asserts, â€Å"The Human Resource (HR) function is the key partner in embedding corporate social responsibility and sustainability initiative in any organisation† (p.34).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As one of the leading supermarket chains in the world, Wal-Mart is committed towards achieving organisational sustainability by enhancing its CSR. One of the areas that the firm has focused on relates to environmental pollution. The firm has formulated a policy that will result in reduction in the volume of plastic shopping bag wastes in all its outlets. The firm intends to achieve this goal by incorporating reusable bags. Consequently, the firm will minimise environmental pollution. Moreover, the firm ensures that it does not engage in activities that can result in overexploitation of natural resources, which is a critical element in positioning a firm as a socially sustainable company (Dyllick Hockerts 2002). In addition to environmental sustainability, Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club are committed towards providing customers with high-quality products. In a bid to achieve this goal, the firms ensure that their employees understand the organisations’ vision and mission. Moreover, the firms are very concerned about understanding the employees’ interests. Thus, the firms’ HR managers are in a position to collaborate with the employees. Developing a high level of engagement with external and internal stakeholders is another strategy that HR managers can adopt in their quest to embed sustainability. Wal-Mart has integrated a number of engagement policies with various external stakeholders such as the Live Greener Working Group [LGWG] and environmentalists.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This collaboration assists the firm in understanding various issues such as poverty and resource degradation; hence, improving the effectiveness with which it undertakes managerial functions such as planning, organising, staffing, control, and directing. The well-being of an organisation’s human capital is a key determinant in achieving organisational sustainability (Pfeffer 2010). Littig and Griessler (2005) posit that HRM can enhance organisational sustainability by enhancing its ability to develop a strong workforce. Thus, effective employee selection strategy is vital. Some of the elements that should be considered in the selection process include teamwork and collaboration skills. Moreover, it is fundamental for the HR manager to select employees who are characterised by a high degree of fit with the organisation. Employee training and development is another major contribution of HRM in enhancing organisational sustainability. Training employees contribute towards the de velopment of a high degree of understanding and commitment of an organisation’s sustainability goals and values amongst the employees. This aspect increases the degree of employee commitment and alignment towards the set organisational values hence improving organisational performance, as the employees have adequate understanding of their job roles. In 2010, Wal-Mart formulated personal sustainability project through which it trained 1.3 million of its associates on sustainability. The training program has aided Wal-Mart in improving the associates’ morale and productivity. In a bid to improve the employees’ capability successfully, it is imperative for an organisation to ensure that the training process is continuous. Formulating and implementing a comprehensive employee training and development program can improve the degree of organisational identification. The training and development program improves the employees’ perception with regard to the contr ibution of the organisation in their career path. This aspect reduces the rate of employee turnover, hence increasing the likelihood of achieving economic sustainability. Pfeffer (2010) emphasises that job satisfaction minimises the rate of employee turnover. Therefore, the likelihood of the organisation developing a strong financial base increases. Providing adequate managerial support and communication is another way through which an organisation can enhance organisational sustainability. Nurturing an effective internal communication system is fundamental in enhancing development of sustainability behaviours amongst employees. This goal is achievable via ensuring that employees are adequately informed about various issues affecting the organisation by integrating company-wide internal communication campaigns. Frequent and effective communication between the top and the lower level of management assists employees in connecting with sustainability values. An effective internal commu nication system will not only ensure that employees understand their roles, but it will also improve information and knowledge sharing amongst employees. ASDA, which is a well-established retail chain in the UK, has developed an all-round internal communication system in its quest to sustain a high level of collaboration with its ‘colleagues’. Sustainable leadership strategy should also be incorporated in an organisation’s effort to connect its employees with the organisational vision and purpose. Moreover, it is also important for an organisation’s management team to ensure that the employees are concerned with agility, which can be achieved by preparing employees for any change that might emanate from the external environment. Climate change strategy; Toll Holdings Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Toll Holdings Climate change is one of the major challenges faced in the modern society. Its occurrence has diverse impacts on individuals, businesses, a nd the society. Firms that ignore the element of climate change do so at their own peril. Consequently, it has become a key concern of various stakeholders, including businesses. Hoffman (2005) is of the opinion that organisations have a responsibility to ensure that their actions do not contribute to increment in the rate of climate change. Consequently, it is imperative for organisations to incorporate optimal climate change strategies. Businesses emit a substantial amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which stands out as one of the major factors contributing to climate change. This aspect explains the rationale behind the need for organisations to integrate strategies that will lead to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Emission from vehicles and other modes of transport is one of the major sources of GHGs. Toll Holdings operates as a transport and logistics firm. The firm developed an efficient road, air, rail, and ocean network that aid it in offering effective l ogistic services across the world. By offering transportation services through this mechanism, the firm emits a substantial amount of GHG to the atmosphere. Therefore, one can assert that the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Toll Holdings are its fleet of airplanes, trucks, trains, and ships. Toll Holdings climate change strategy Hoffman (2005) asserts that an organisation can utilise various strategies in order to minimise its impact on climate change. Some of the strategies being adopted include trading in carbon credits and altering the firm’s operational processes. Toll Holdings is cognisant of its impact on climate change. Consequently, the firm has incorporated the concept of environmental sustainability. The Toll’s management team is committed towards reducing the firm’s impact on the environmental footprint. The firm has adopted a number of voluntary greenhouse gas-reduction strategies in this regard. The first strategy entails adjusting its operations into being cleaner and greener. The firm is in the process of incorporating new practices and technologies in its operational strategies, which will aid in reducing the volume of GHGs emitted. For example, the new technologies will let the firm shift from utilising non-renewable sources of energy such as petroleum-based fuels into using renewable energies such as electricity. The firm is in the process of evaluating how it can incorporate other viable types of green energy. Incorporating green forms of energy will aid the firm in transforming its operational strategy into more sustainable logistics (Toll Holdings 2013). In its quest to position itself as an environmentally sustainable organisation, the firm has adopted Smarter Green Program. The program aids the firm in responding to its negative impact on the environment. Moreover, the firm has incorporated a number of performance measurement initiatives in an effort to assess its progress with regard to greenhouse gas e missions. The firm’s smarter green initiative is comprised of six main aspects, which include smarter driving, smarter vehicles, smarter planning, smarter facilities, smarter fuel efficiency, and smarter energy (Toll Holdings 2013). Current and emerging climate change threats and opportunities Climate change is a major business issue that organisations have to integrate in their operations. It presents a set of risks and opportunities that entrepreneurs and firms’ management teams should take into account. One major threat that Toll faces due to climate change relates to the occurrence of floods across its distributional networks. Climate change is one of the major factors increasing the occurrences of floods. For example, global warming increases the likelihood of snow melting hence the rise in the volume of water in major waterways. Such an occurrence may affect major transport gateways, hence limiting the firm’s effectiveness in its distributional efficiency. As a result, the firm’s competitiveness may be affected (McKibben 2012). The occurrence of natural phenomena such as storms due to climate change presents a major threat to Toll Holdings, as the firm cannot be in a position to quantify the financial impact of possible damage. Consequently, the likelihood of the firm incorporating an effective risk management strategy such as mitigation and risk transfer, for example through insurance is reduced. Moreover, the firm cannot be in a comfortable position to avoid the risk. The firm’s degree of exposure to risks associated with climate change such as storms may adversely affect its attractiveness amongst investors. Consequently, the competitiveness of the firm in the international market might reduce. Moreover, the occurrence of a high rate of climate change in areas where the firm operates may lead to an increment in carbon tax levied against companies. Such a strategy may be adopted in an effort to push companies to minim ise their greenhouse gas emissions. Ultimately, the firm’s level of profitability might be affected (Hoffman, 2005). Despite the above threats, climate change can assist Toll Holdings achieve optimal long-term positioning. For example, the firm can adjust its operational processes in such a way that it aligns its operations to the prevailing needs (Kiron et al. 2012). This move will culminate in improvement in the company’s public image and reputation amongst investors, lenders, regulators, and insurers. Incorporating strategies such as green energy may aid the firm in attracting investors. Climate change also presents Toll with an opportunity to improve its risk management strategies. For example, the firm can insure itself against such occurrences (Hoffman 2005) Recommendations on Toll’s climate change strategy Toll Holdings should consider the most effective climate change-management strategies. Some of the strategies that the firm can integrate include Inco rporating a carbon footprint trading policy- The trading policy will assist Toll Holdings in improving its commitment to reduce the occurrence of climate change. Toll Holdings should adjust its operational processes by integrating various forms of renewable energy. Some of the forms of energy that the firm should include bio-fuel, nuclear energy, and electric power. Conclusion The paper shows that firms can integrate a number of aspects in order to achieve organisational sustainability. Some of these issues relate to improving the firm’s HRM strategies and integrating climate change strategies. In summary, firms should focus on three main facets of sustainability, which include environmental, economic, and social aspects. These aspects will stimulate the firm’s ability to achieve sustainable development. Reference List Cohen, E 2010, CSR for HR: A necessary partnership for advancing responsible business practices, Greenleaf, Sheffield. Devinney, T 2009, ‘Is the socially responsible corporation a myth? The good, the bad, and the ugly of corporate social responsibility’, Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 23 no. 2, pp. 44-56. Dyllick, T Hockerts, K 2002, ‘Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability’, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 11 no.2, pp. 130-141. Hoffman, A 2005, ‘Climate change strategy: The business logic behind voluntary greenhouse gas reductions’, California Management Review, vol. 47 no.3, pp. 21-46. Kiron, D, Kruschwitz, N, Haanaes, K Von-Streng-Velken, I 2012, ‘Sustainability Nears a tipping point’, MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 53 no. 2, pp.69-74. Littig, B Griessler, E 2005, ‘Social sustainability: A Catchword between political pragmatism and social theory’, International Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 65-79. McKibben, B 2012, The Reckoning; rolling stone. Web. Pfeffer, J 2010, ‘Building sustainable organ isations: The human factor’, Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24 no.1, pp. 34-45. Porter, M Kramer, M 2011, ‘Creating shared value’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 89 no.2, pp. 62-77. Orlitzky, M, Schmidt, F Rynes, S 2003) ‘Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta- Analysis’, Organisation Studies, vol.24 no.3, pp.403-41. Toll Holdings: Corporate social responsibility 2013. Web. This essay on Organisational Sustainability was written and submitted by user Pedro Green to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Colonialism and freedom struggle in India The WritePass Journal

Colonialism and freedom struggle in India Colonialism and freedom struggle in India Introduction:Ottoman Caliphate:Goals:Effects:Mobilization Capacity of Islam:Extra-territorial Attachments:Concept of Ummah:The Institution of Khilafat:The Balkan wars:Dimensions:Protests in India:The Rowlett Act 1919:The Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919:The Non-Cooperation:The Khilafat Conference-  Karachi- July 1921:The Hijrat Movement 1920-21:The Moplah Revolt-at Malabar Coast-   Kalicut:The Increase in Violence 1921:The Developments in  Turkey:Conclusions:Related Introduction: Khilafat Movement (1919-24) was a religious-political campaign launched by the Muslims for having possession of the Ottoman Caliphate or Khilafat-e-Usmania and for not letting the Muslim holy places go under the control of the Non-Muslims. ‘Khalifa’ is an Arabic word derived from the root ‘Khalafa’ which means ‘to follow’ or ‘to come after’. During the 1st  World War  Turkey supported Germany as the country was facing massive problems. But Germany started losing its territory and so does Turkey. Turkey  had lost most of its territory in 1918 by the end of the 1st World War. During that time the main dilemma was how the allied powers would treat  Turkey, the  Ottoman Empire  or the Khilafat-e-usmania as most of its territory had been occupied in this Movement. Turkeybeing a Muslim country, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help them. The other reason for supporting them was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Ottoman Caliphate: ‘Caliph’ is an Arabic word which means â€Å"a successor† or â€Å"a representative† which emphasizes religious authority for the head of state. The Islamic system of governance in which the state rules under Islamic law is known as Caliphate. To protect the Ottoman Empire from the Western countries and to overcome the Western democratic opposition inTurkey, Ottoman emperor Abdul Hamid II had launched a Pan Islamic program. This program expressed religious passion and sympathy amongst Indian Muslims. Goals: Following were the goals of the Movement:- Ottoman Caliphate should be kept secured. Turkey’s territorial harmony should be preserved. Not letting the Muslim holy places go under the control of the Non-Muslims. Effects: InIndia, this was the first religious-political Movement which gathered the common man. The Indian Muslims demanded certain safeguards from the British and they started interacting with the other communities and the Congress Party. But during that time from 1906 to 1919 politics was restricted to only educated people and also people who had enough money to spare the money involved in the politics. However it was due to Khilafat Movement where common man gathered or the ordinary Muslims were involved, people were on streets protesting. This was the 1st Movement inIndia to get common people involved in the politics. Mobilization Capacity of Islam: Khilafat Movement also showed the mobilization capacity of the Islam amongst the Muslims. It also conveyed how Islam and Islamic institutions are precious to the Indian Muslims. Thus it clearly indicated that Islam had had a lot of mobilization capacity and appeal for the common man inIndiaand elsewhere. Extra-territorial Attachments: Another characteristic of this movement is that it points out the extra-territorial attachment of the Muslims of India based on Islam. The meaning of extra-territorial is that people feel attached to a certain institutions, ideologies, beliefs that may be beyond the territorial boundaries of their own countries. And these extra-territorial attachments have always been very strong in Muslims which are based on Islam.    Concept of Ummah: The concept of Ummah is that Muslims residing in any part of the World belongs to an ideological brotherhood of Islam. It is a community based on the beliefs, teachings and principles of Islam. And therefore the concept of Ummah had a lot of Muslims coming forward during the Khilafat Movement. The Institution of Khilafat: The Indian Muslims paid much more attention to Khilafat-e-Usmania whose primary seat was inTurkeywhich had continuity from the original institution of Khilafat in Islam. Institution of Khilafat was the second aspect which created extra-territorial sentiments amongst the Muslims.    The Balkan wars: If you go back in the history to 1911-12 you will find the Balkan Wars. This war clearly signifies the strong sentiments of the Indian Muslims for other countries. During that period there was a war between Turkey and Italy and Italy was also attackingLibya.Turkeywas facing massive problems therefore the Indian Muslims sent medical delegation to provide medical assistance to the people affected by war. And now the Indian Muslims in 1919 are showing the same sentiments on the bases of Ummah. Therefore there were a lot of emotions and a lot of support for the possession of Khilafat Movement. These were some of the reasons why Khilafat Movement is so important. Dimensions: The writers and poets in Indiawere focusing on themes such as the generation and the decline of the Muslims, this all happened during the first three decades of the 20th century. And their writings clearly portray the feelings for the preservation of Khilafat and the possession of the Muslims holy places. The key role was played by the journalism which steer the direction of the struggle. There were many other themes by the writers and the poets which shaped the movement and recovered the problems faced by them. Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which performed their duties to express their hatred. When these newspaper and magazines were pleading the cause of the Muslims, the Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished  Turkey. After the 1st World War ended,Turkey had lost many of its territories, it was in this context the Indian Muslims started a movement that is known as the Khilafat Movement. Protests in India: All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay now known as Mumbai in July 1919 which shaped the activities of the Muslims regarding the Khilafat Movement. Their first Khilafat Committee conference was held in Delhiin 1919 where they used to discuss the issues occurring in the movement. In the first conference Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru also participated. It was due to Congress participation, the other major political parties join hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. Following were the steps announced: No Participation in Victory Celebrations: This was the first step taken by the participants of this Conference. As the British and the Allies had won the 1st World War they were celebrating their victory everywhere,India being a part of theBritish Empire was on the British’s side. So they decided in the Conference to boycott the victory celebration to show anger on the state of affairs and to express their point in more affective way. Boycotting British Goods: The second step which they took is to boycott British goods, the purpose of doing this was to affect their economy. By adopting this British economy would drop drastically. Non-Cooperation with the Government: This was the third step which they took during that time, the purpose of this was not at this stage but at the later stage they may also launch Non-Cooperation Movement. The second Khilafat Conference which was an important one was held inAmritsarin December 1919. All the major political parties participated in this but the highlight of this Conference was that Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, who were held behind bars for breaking British law in protest of British policies, also joined the Conference after their release from prison. Without Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali contributions one cannot discuss the Khilafat Movement. They used to work with Congress party and also played a significant role in mobilizing the masses. They were well known as Ali brothers. The Ali brothers with several other leaders went to jail quite a few times due to shape up the Khilafat Movement and lead the Muslims. This procession happened whenever they were released. At the end of the Khilafat Conference the Congress party decided to work together as there were similar problems inIndiawhich all of them were facing. For Muslims the Khilafat Movement was their priority compared to the other issues. Congress thought of combining up with the Muslims as they were also having problems against the British for the possession of theOttoman Empire. Congress and Muslims would have more effective movements together rather than working separately as their aim is to eliminate the British from their country. One of the issues which were faced during that time was Rowlett Act, 1919. The Rowlett Act 1919: This was a kind of black law, whereby the government had the power to arrest anybody they wanted without giving them any legal facility and the right to appeal. This law was meant for any criminal activities which took place, but actually they were intern for the people involved in political activities. This act was protested by both the Hindu and Muslim communities. The Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919: The Jallianwala Bagh was a place inAmritsarwhere many people of different classes and societies came in order to protest against the Rowlett Act. To this protest the British government got extremely agitated and ordered the army to kill everyone present there. The gates were shut and many rounds were fired by the British. This massacre was one of the greatest tragedies thatIndiasaw. This allowed different political parties to challenge the British authority. The Non-Cooperation: In the December of 1920 the famous Congress session was held atNagpurby Congress leader Mahatma Gandhi. Here Gandhi adopted the non-violent and non-cooperation movement. The first movement adopted by Gandhi was the non-cooperation movement and subsequently a couple of other movements were launched. The general agreement was that: People with British titles to their names had to return those titles, for example Sir which was given to the Indians had to be returned. The educational institutions and courts had to be boycotted. Anyone whose job was under the British people had to resign. Taxes should not be paid to the British Government. People resigning from military and police jobs would be decided at a later stage. This was not launched but could be thought about later on. The Khilafat Conference-  Karachi- July 1921: In July 1921, the Khilafat conference was held atKarachiwhere there were mainly Muslim participants who expressed their loyalties towards the Turkish Sultan and the Khilafat. At that time they had been removed from their territory by the British powers. To dislodge foreign forces from the mainland they welcomed the efforts of the Ataturk. At that time the Ataturk was taking various steps to remove the foreign forces from their mainland ofTurkey. They felt that something new needed to be encouraged. The Hijrat Movement 1920-21: The main reason of why the Hijrat movement took place was that the Indian Ulama or religious leaders thought ofIndiaas ‘Darul Harab’ where the Muslims were not safe. A certain place or a country where the Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices and activities is known as a ‘Darul Harab’. The Muslim heads (Ulama) said that the Muslims should move to the nearest safe place that was from ‘Darul Harab’ to ‘Darul Islam’. This caused a panic amongst the Muslims in India and as suggested the nearest ‘Darul Islam’ was Afghanistan which was Hijrat. A very large number of lower class people of society left India either on foot or with the help of bullock carts as the routes to Afghanistan were not developed. The properties were sold at very cheap rates as they were moving from their place to a place in search of Islam; a large scale of migration of people was seen. At first the Indians were welcomed. Later on the border was closed as the increase in the number of people could not be sustained due to Afghanistan being a poor nation and its own problems it told the Indian migrants to move back to its own country. Due to this there were loss of lives and belongings of several Muslims. Many Muslims died during this mission. Many of the people moved to Russia(Soviet Union) as they had nothing left in India. This was the way in which the Hijrat movement ended as it was all emotion based and not planned based. The End of the Khilafat Movement: This was a movement where the Muslims of British India supported the Ottoman Empire to control their holy places but gradually the movement died out. The first thing which affected the movement was the Moplah revolt in Kalicut. The Moplah Revolt-at Malabar Coast-   Kalicut: The Moplah revolt started in 1921.The descendants of Arab Muslims were called as Moplahs. In the August of 1921 there was a revolt against the Hindu landlords because of their brutal treatment towards them. This wasn’t a religious issue. The Moplahs were suffering by the actions of the landlords so they revolted against them, but the police supported the landlords. This was projected as a Hindu Muslim issue by the local Hindu Unions. Due to this there was a lot of issue against the Muslims. These issues resulted in a bitter relationship amongst the Hindus and Muslims. A negative impact was seen in the Hindu Muslim unity because of the uprising. This was a reason for the end of Khilafat movement. The Increase in Violence 1921: The second reason to why the movement did not last was an increase in Violence. The Non- cooperation movement started by Gandhi was a peaceful and non violent movement. Seeing an increase in violent activities like the Chora Chori incident in Uttar Pradesh, Gandhi decided to end the Non-cooperation movement. This affected the Khilafat movement as Gandhi’s decision to end the Non-cooperation movement was not consulted with Khilafat movement leaders which thus created distrust between the two operative parties. This was another incident which weakened the Khilafat movement. The Developments in  Turkey: This was the third reason to why the Khilafat movement ended. The Ataturk who controlled the military service emerged as leader. The powers of the Sultan were restricted. The chief of the Grand assembly was the Ataturk. Turkey abolished the Khilafat system. The Indian Muslims were fighting made no difference as the leadership had changed. This weakened the Khilafat movement in India. Conclusions: The Hindu Muslim unity phase was extremely short. It was seen that religion was a way to mobilize forces and organize masses. Extra- territorialism was the basis of the start of the movement. The Muslims suffered in the Khilafat movement.